Sociology and Anthropology: Citing Sources

Citation Manuals & Resources

There are varying ways to cite sources. Usually, a short form of the citation is included within the text of the paper (referred to as in-text or parenthetical citations) and then the full citation is given on the last page of the paper, sometimes referred to as a "Works Cited" page, a "References," list or a "Bibliography."

Also, there are different styles to citing sources. The following styles are commonly used:

• APA (American Psychological Association) Format is generally used to cite sources within the social sciences.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) Format is generally used to cite sources within the humanities and liberal arts.

Guide to MLA Style from Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) ;	Guide to APA Style from Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) *Updated to 7th ed., Oct. 2019;
Guide to Chicago Style from Chicago Manual of Style Read the Chicago Manual of Style online	Guide to Turabian Style (9th Edition) from University of Pittsburgh University Library System

Print Citation Guides:

• MLA Handbook
  Library Reference Z253 .M634 2021
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
  Library Reference Z253 .P83 2020
• Turabian Style Manual: A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
  Library Reference Z253 .T8 2013
• The Chicago Manual of Style
  Library Reference Z253 .U69 2017

Citation Guides Online:

• MLA Formatting and Style Guide
• From OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab
• APA Style and Grammar Guide
  From the American Psychological Association
• Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Guide to Turabian Style
• "Citing Information: Introduction"
  Self-paced instructional tutorials for various citation styles, as well as an introduction to citation. (From the Libraries of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

APA sample paper 

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

For more help with APA Style, visit the Purdue Online Writing Lab. 

Short Quotations

• According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
• Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

Long Quotations (Block Quote)

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase

• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
  APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Article from a Periodical 

• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
• Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120-125. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy  

Book

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available)
• Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. American Psychological Association.

Web page or Piece of Online Content

• Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
• Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

Audio Podcast

• Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL

• Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls

Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab

Source: Bainbridge State College